Problem
Optogenetics is the light-dependent control of genetically modified neurons. Neuronal cells that express microbial opsins can transport ions in a light-gated process. Optogenetics has been used to treat disorders including vision loss in humans. Animal studies indicate that optogenetic therapies have applications in neurological disorders including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease and depression. Current technologies depend on the expression of bacterial opsins in targeted neuronal cells and invasive craniotomy to implant an optical fiber light source in the brain. This invasive procedure carries the risk of damage to brain tissues and infection. Methods for non-invasive deep brain stimulation are needed to use optogenetic therapies in a broader population.
Solution
Evan Wang’s research team at The University of Texas at Austin has developed a new, non-invasive method to stimulate neurons within the brain, called sono-optogenetics. The sono-optogenetic approach uses focused ultrasound waves to convert an internally delivered chemiluminescent molecule to create light at the desired location internally. The Wang group has developed ultrasound programmable materials for the delivery of nanoparticles to deliver sonosensitizer and chemiluminescent compounds required for light production. The chemical light source is charged before delivery and can be recharged by a superficial light source at the surface of the skin.
Sono-optogenetics eliminates the need for an implanted optical fiber and allows for deep internal light stimulation as the ultrasound waves penetrate the body to a depth up to 10 centimeters. This revolutionary advancement in optogenetics enables broad application of this method of treatment for indications including depression, neurodegenerative diseases and more.
